Foreword / Lee Jong-wook, director general WHO -- Introduction -- Structure of the report -- Psychoactive

subsances and their sociolegal status -- Global use of psychoactive subsances -- Adverse effects of

psychoacive substances and their mechanisms of action -- Substance dependence in relation to neuroscience --

The burden of harm to health from psychoactive substance use -- Brain Mechanisms: Neurobiology and

Neuroanatomy -- Organization of the brain -- The neuron -- Neurotransmission -- Receptors -- Neurotransmitters

-- Genes -- Cellular and neuronal effects of psychoactive substances -- Biobehavioural processes Underlying

Dependence -- Defining terms -- Drug reward alone does not explain drug dependence -- Dopamine and

reinfocement learning -- Dopamine and incentive sensitization -- Psychopharmacology of Dependence for

Different Drug Classes -- Alcohol (ethanol) -- Sedatives and hypnotics -- Tobacco -- Opioids -- Cannabinoids

-- Cocaine (hydrochloride and crack) -- Amphetamines -- Ecstasy -- Volatile solvents -- Hallucinogens --

Genetic Basis of Substance Dependence -- Genetics of tobacco dependence -- Genetics of alcohol dependence --

Genetics of opioid dependence -- Genetics of the combined risk of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, opioids and

other psychoactive substances -- Confounding issues in linkage and candidate gene studies -- Methodological

issues -- Future directions -- Social and cultural aspects -- Concurrent Disorders -- Hypotheses that may

Neurocience of psychoactive substance use and dependence / WHO - World Health Organization ; foreword Lee

Neurocience of psychoactive substance use and dependence / WHO - World Health Organization ; foreword Lee

for Public Health Policy -- Index --